Freud’s Theory

1) You fail to study for your final examination stating that â€Å"all work and no play make Jack a dull person. † According to Freud's theory, how will you explain your behaviour? Sigmund Freud developed a theory about adult personality. Throughout the stages of childhood, the first part of personality, which we are all born with, is called the id. According to Freud id contains a reservoir of unconscious instincts, impulses that strives to satisfy basic sexual, and aggressive drives that operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.He said that adults never lost this part of their personality, as they grew older; they just developed ways of coping with it a bit better. As the child grew older, a second part of the personality developed, which was more in touch with outside reality. This he called the ego. The ego (largely conscious) operates on the reality principle, which mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality. It satisfies the i d's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.For example, if you got very angry with someone, then the demands from your id might be to attack them but that is not very realistic, or socially acceptable. So the ego would take over, and find a way that the id's demand could be satisfied, but in a better sort of way, perhaps by making a very sarcastic remark, or something similar. As the child grows older, another part of its personality develops. According to Freud, for a small child, its parents are representations of absolute authority.They represent society and society's demand on the child. They tell it what it ought to be doing and how it should behave. This function is called the superego. In a way, the superego is kind of internal ‘parents' but a very authoritarian one. The superego represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations. Freud saw personality in adults as being about a dynamic balance between these three aspects.There would be continual give and take between the id and the superego, with the ego acting as a go between. If the impulsive demands from the id become too strong, or the authoritarian superego was asking too much, the ego uses defence mechanisms which cuts out things that might destroy the dynamic balance between the three parts of the mind by allowing one side to get too strong. I failed to study for my final examination stating, â€Å"All work and no lay make Jack a dull person. † According to Freud's theory, because of anxiety I may rationalize unconsciously generating an overcome of cognitive dissonance to hide from myself the real reasons for my actions. My impulsive demand from the id became too sturdy, destroying the dynamic balance, thus the ego fears losing control of this inner war and the result ended in a dark cloud of unfocused anxiety. My behaviour will be self-satisfying but for an incorrect reason.

Individualism vs Conformity

Individualism vs. Conformity The lives of human beings are centered around the thin blue line that separates conformity and individuality. Many times one is confused and rushed, and this line is drawn too short or too long, thus being too much of a conformist or an individual. The â€Å"individual,† in the American conception, is an independent and inventive agent, relatively autonomous and morally responsible to him or herself.A widespread of specific propositions concerning â€Å"human nature† was derived from this ethnocentric premise. While these cultural propositions are still maintained, at least on the ideal level, in reality a considerable degree of dependency and conformity has developed. Conformity is, in a sense, the remedy for isolation. In the opinion of many Americans, this trend threatens standards of individualism by personal property and product, decisions amongst American youth, and conformity as a whole.First and foremost since the beginning of time, men and women were ideally allowed to voice disagreement with the decisions and practices of the authorities, they were expected to choose the occupation of their preference and be self-supporting, and encouraged to follow their own convictions and beliefs. A number of regulations have been introduced, presumably guaranteeing security and consistency of economic well-being for all Americans; these include, for example, Social Security, Medicare, and other similar measures.However, claims are made that freedom is no longer clearly tied to a social system of private property and passive government. Aside from human property there is human production. In the industrial realm, modern technology and its efficiency have resulted in establishing norms and standards for production as well as consumption. Efficiency and expediency has always been of fascination to outside observers. In the course of this growing industrial efficiency and expediency, individualistic and creative participation in the production process has become greatly reduced for the vast majority of employees.There is even a question whether the product itself meets standards of individuality and uniqueness, since it has been mass-produced and is designed to suit the tastes of thousands of people. Secondly, American youth, on one hand, are brought up in the knowledge of American history, which includes many well-known and glorified examples of individualism and are encouraged to practice this â€Å"truly American† trait. On the other hand, however, American youth are constantly challenged to conform to national and patriotic standards requiring high degrees of conformity to majority opinion.There is a widespread public opinion which perceives an expression of independent individual thinking and believing but as subversive and â€Å"un-American† conduct. One is inclined to conclude that the original individualism is now at war with a strong emphasis on conformity. It appears then that th ere is a serious discrepancy between the American ideal of â€Å"rugged individualism† and its actual implementation. A teenager has to learn carefully that this blueprint for American individualism is not generalizable and that there are definite areas of limitations and prohibitions.The fact of non-generalizability destroys the simplicity and predictability of always responding in identical or similar ways, thereby complicating the learning process and rendering the behavioral blueprint. Conformity is some sort of a psychological shelter. If one does not know what to do and are scared, it is natural to follow the steps of others so that eventually one can find a group to take shelter in. Conformity is essential to life. Humans, being complex animals, live in a society that functions as a whole.If there is a mistake, the entire system may crumble. So, they are obligated to pay taxes and respect the law so that they can stay together as a whole. Conformity is perfectly natura l. Everyone naturally wants to belong to something bigger. They naturally want to be accepted by others. However, in modern terms this acceptance can only be obtained by going further than natural conformity and stepping into popular conformity. At that certain stage Americans tend to follow the same trends in style and personal taste, whether it is music, movies, or even morals.In conclusion, individuality, like conformity, is essential to life even though modern society may not appreciate its value. At one point Americans want to be different from all the rest in one way or another. So one might dress a bit differently and choose to do things that intrigue one another. And, for once, individuals might form our opinions based on what they really feel. However, sooner or later Americans are forced to curb their spontaneous desires so that society does not label everyone as eccentric or weird.Modern life is confusing, so sometimes the vision is blurred and the choices, made in the mi dst of confusion, may force people in extreme directions of either conformity or individuality. Many Americans may follow everyone in everything they do, or may so much of an individual that they become somewhat of a hermit. Yet the trends that threaten standards of individualism by personal property and product, decisions amongst American youth, and conformity as a whole may show a sign of weakness. However, conformity may dominate the lives of Americans, but there is always the chance to make a mark, to become more of an individual than a clone.

Vampire Academy Chapter 22

TWENTY-TWO â€Å"HEAL YOU?† Heal him? My thoughts echoed hers. â€Å"You're the only way,† he said patiently. â€Å"The only way to cure this disease. I've been watching you for years, waiting until I was certain.† Lissa shook her head. â€Å"I can't†¦no. I can't do anything like that.† â€Å"Your healing powers are incredible. No one has any idea just how powerful.† â€Å"I don't know what you're talking about.† â€Å"Come now, Vasilisa. I know about the raven – Natalie saw you do it. She'd been following you. And I know how you healed Rose.† She realized the pointlessness of denying it. â€Å"That†¦was different. Rose wasn't that hurt. But you†¦I can't do anything about Sandovsky's Syndrome.† â€Å"Not that hurt?† he laughed. â€Å"I'm not talking about her ankle – which was still impressive. I'm talking about the car accident. Because you're right, you know. Rose didn't get ? ®that hurt.' She died.† He let the words sink in. â€Å"That's†¦no. She lived,† Lissa finally managed. â€Å"No. Well, yes, she did. But I read all the reports. There was no way she should have survived – especially with so many injuries. You healed her. You brought her back.† He sighed, half wistful and half weary. â€Å"I'd suspected you could do this for so long, and I tried so hard to repeat it†¦to see how much you could control†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lissa caught on and gasped. â€Å"The animals. It was you.† â€Å"With Natalie's help.† â€Å"Why would you do that? How could you?† â€Å"Because I had to know. I have only a few more weeks to live, Vasilisa. If you can truly bring back the dead, then you can cure Sandovsky's. I had to know before I took you away that you could heal at will and not just in moments of panic.† â€Å"Why take me at all?† A spark of anger flared up in her. â€Å"You're my near-uncle. If you wanted me to do this – if you really think I can†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her voice and feelings showed me she didn't really entirely believe she could heal him. â€Å"Then why kidnap me? Why didn't you just ask?† â€Å"Because it's not a onetime affair. It took a long time to figure out what you are, but I managed to acquire some of the old histories†¦scrolls kept out of Moroi museums. When I read about how wielding spirit works – â€Å" â€Å"Wielding what?† â€Å"Spirit. It's what you've specialized in.† â€Å"I haven't specialized in anything! You're crazy.† â€Å"Where else do you think these powers of yours have come from? Spirit is another element, one few people have any more.† Lissa's mind was still reeling from the kidnapping and the possible truth that she'd brought me back from the dead. â€Å"That doesn't make any sense. Even if it wasn't common, I still would have heard of another element! Or of someone having it.† â€Å"No one knows about spirit anymore. It's been forgotten. When people do specialize in it, nobody realizes it. They think the person simply hasn't specialized at all.† â€Å"Look, if you're just trying to make me feel – † She abruptly cut herself off. She was angry and afraid, but behind those emotions, her higher reasoning had been processing what he'd said about spirit users and specializing. It now caught up with her. â€Å"Oh my God. Vladimir and Ms. Karp.† He gave her a knowing look. â€Å"You've known about this all along.† â€Å"No! I swear. It's just something Rose was looking into†¦She said they were like me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lissa was starting to change from a little scared to all scared. The news was too shocking. â€Å"They are like you. The books even say Vladimir was ? ®full of spirit.' † Victor seemed to find that funny. Seeing that smile made me want to slap him. â€Å"I thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lissa still wanted him to be wrong. The idea of not specializing was safer than specializing in some freakish element. â€Å"I thought that meant, like, the Holy Spirit.† â€Å"So does everyone else, but no. It's something else entirely. An element that's within all of us. A master element that can give you indirect control over the others.† Apparently my theory about her specializing in all the elements wasn't so far off. She worked hard to get a grip on this news and her own self-control. â€Å"That doesn't answer my question. It doesn't matter if I have this spirit thing or whatever. You didn't have to kidnap me.† â€Å"Spirit, as you've seen, can heal physical injuries. Unfortunately, it's only good on acute injuries. Onetime things. Rose's ankle. The accident wounds. For something chronic – say, a genetic disease like Sandovsky's – continual healings are required. Otherwise it will keep coming back. That's what would happen to me. I need you, Vasilisa. I need you to help me fight this and keep it away. So I can live.† â€Å"That still doesn't explain why you took me,† she argued. â€Å"I would have helped you if you'd asked.† â€Å"They never would have let you do it. The school. The council. Once they got over the shock of finding a spirit user, they'd get hung up on ethics. After all, how does one choose who gets to be healed? They'd say it wasn't fair. That it was like playing God. Or else they'd worry about the toll it'd take on you.† She flinched, knowing exactly what toll he referred to. Seeing her expression, he nodded. â€Å"Yes. I won't lie to you. It will be hard. It will exhaust you – mentally and physically. But I must do it. I am sorry. You'll be provided with feeders and other entertainments for your services.† She leapt from the chair. Ben immediately stepped forward and pushed her back into it. â€Å"And then what? Are you going to just make me a prisoner here? Your own private nurse?† He made that annoying open-palmed gesture again. â€Å"I'm sorry. I have no choice.† White-hot anger blasted away the fear inside of her. She spoke in a low voice. â€Å"Yes. You don't have the choice, because this is me we're talking about.† â€Å"It's better for you this way. You know how the others turned out. How Vladimir spent the last of his days stark, raving mad. How Sonya Karp had to be taken away. The trauma you've experienced since the accident comes from more than just your family's loss. It's from using spirit. The accident woke the spirit in you; your fear over seeing Rose dead made it burst out, allowing you to heal her. It forged your bond. And once it's out, you can't put it back. It's a powerful element – but it's also dangerous. Earth users get their power from the earth, air users from the air. But spirit? Where do you think that comes from?† She glared. â€Å"It comes from you, from your own essence. To heal another, you must give part of yourself. The more you do that, the more it will destroy you over time. You must be noticing that already. I've seen how much certain things upset you, how fragile you are.† â€Å"I'm not fragile,† snapped Lissa. â€Å"And I'm not going to go crazy. I'm going to stop using spirit before things get worse.† He smiled. â€Å"Stop using it? You might as well stop breathing. Spirit has its own agenda†¦You'll always have the urge to help and heal. It's part of you. You resisted the animals, but you didn't think twice about helping Rose. You can't even help compulsion – which spirit also gives you special strength in. And that's how it will always be. You can't avoid spirit. Better to stay here, in isolation, away from further sources of stress. You'd either have become increasingly unstable at the Academy, or they would have put you on some pill that would have made you feel better but stunted your power.† A calm core of confidence settled inside her, one very different from what I'd observed over the last couple of years. â€Å"I love you, Uncle Victor, but I'm the one who has to deal with that and decide what to do. Not you. You're making me give up my life for yours. That's not fair.† â€Å"It's a matter of which life means more. I love you too. Very much. But the Moroi are falling apart. Our numbers are dropping as we let the Strigoi prey upon us. We used to actively seek them out. Now Tatiana and the other leaders hide away. They keep you and your peers isolated. In the old days, you were trained to fight alongside your guardians! You were taught to use magic as a weapon. Not any longer. We wait. We are victims.† As he stared off, both Lissa and I could see how caught up in his passion he was. â€Å"I would have changed that if I were king. I would have brought about a revolution the likes of which neither Moroi nor Strigoi have ever seen. I should have been Tatiana's heir. She was ready to name me before they discovered the disease, and then she would not. If I were cured†¦if I were cured, I could take my rightful place†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His words triggered something inside of Lissa, a sudden consideration for the state of the Moroi. She'd never contemplated what he'd said, about how different it might be if Moroi and their guardians fought side by side to rid the world of the Strigoi and their evil. It reminded her of Christian and what he'd said about using magic as a weapon too. But even if she did appreciate Victor's convictions, neither of us thought it was worth what he wanted her to do. â€Å"I'm sorry,† she whispered. â€Å"I'm sorry for you. But please don't make me do this.† â€Å"I have to.† She looked him straight in the eye. â€Å"I won't do it.† He inclined his head, and someone stepped forward from the corner. Another Moroi. No one I knew. Walking around behind Lissa, he untied her hands. â€Å"This is Kenneth.† Victor held his hands out toward her free ones. â€Å"Please, Vasilisa. Take my hands. Send the magic through me just as you did with Rose.† She shook her head. â€Å"No.† His voice was less kindly when he spoke again. â€Å"Please. One way or another, you will heal me. I'd rather it be on your terms, not ours.† She shook her head again. He made a slight gesture toward Kenneth. And that's when the pain started. Lissa screamed. I screamed. In the SUV, Dimitri's grip on the wheel jerked in surprise, making us veer. Casting me an alarmed look, he started to pull over. â€Å"No, no! Keep going!† I pressed my palms to my temples. â€Å"We have to get there!† From behind my seat, Alberta reached forward and rested a hand on my shoulder. â€Å"Rose, what's happening?† I blinked back tears. â€Å"They're torturing her†¦with air. This guy†¦Kenneth†¦he's making it press against her†¦into her head. The pressure's insane. It feels like my – her – skull's gonna explode.† I started sobbing. Dimitri looked at me out of the corner of his eye and pressed the gas pedal down harder. Kenneth didn't stop with just the physical force of air. He also used it to affect her breathing. Sometimes he'd smother her with it; other times he'd take it all away and leave her gasping. After enduring all that firsthand – and it was bad enough secondhand – I felt pretty confident I would have done anything they wanted. And finally, she did. Hurting and bleary-eyed, Lissa took Victor's hands. I'd never been in her head when she worked magic and didn't know what to expect. At first, I felt nothing. Just a sense of concentration. Then†¦it was like†¦I don't even know how to describe it. Color and light and music and life and joy and love†¦so many wonderful things, all the lovely things that make up the world and make it worth living in. Lissa summoned up all of those things, as many as she could, and sent them into Victor. The magic flowed through both of us, brilliant and sweet. It was alive. It was her life. And as wonderful as it all felt, she was growing weaker and weaker. But as all of those elements – bound by the mysterious spirit element – flowed into Victor, he grew stronger and stronger. The change was startling. His skin smoothed, no longer wrinkled and pocked. The gray thinning hair filled out, turning dark and lustrous once more. The green eyes – still jadelike – sparkled again, turning alert and lively. He'd become the Victor she remembered from her childhood. Exhausted, Lissa passed out. In the SUV, I tried to relate what was happening. Dimitri's face grew darker and darker, and he spat out a string of Russian swear words he still hadn't taught me the meanings of. When we were a quarter mile from the cabin, Alberta made a call on her cell phone, and our whole convoy pulled over. All of the guardians – more than a dozen-got out and stood huddled, planning strategy. Someone went ahead to scout and returned with a report on the number of people inside and outside of the cabin. When the group seemed ready to disperse, I started to get out of the car. Dimitri stopped me. â€Å"No, Roza. You stay here.† â€Å"The hell with that. I have to go help her.† He cupped my chin with his hands, fixing me with his eyes. â€Å"You have helped her. Your job is done. You did it well. But this isn't any place for you. She and I both need you to stay safe.† Only the realization that arguing would delay the rescue kept me quiet. Swallowing back any protests, I nodded. He nodded back and joined the others. All of them slipped off into the woods, blending with the trees. Sighing, I kicked the passenger seat back and lay down. I was so tired. Even though the sun poured through the windshield, it was night for me. I'd been up for most of it, and a lot had happened in that time. Between the adrenaline of my own role and sharing Lissa's pain, I could have passed out just like she had. Except that she was awake now. Slowly, her perceptions dominated mine once more. She lay on a couch in the cabin. One of Victor's henchmen must have carried her there after she'd fainted. Victor himself – alive and well now, thanks to his abuse of her – stood in the kitchen with the others as they all spoke in low voices about their plans. Only one stood near Lissa, keeping watch. He'd be easy to take down when Dimitri and the Badass Team burst inside. Lissa studied the lone guardian and then glanced at a window beside the couch. Still dizzy from the healing, she managed to sit up. The guardian turned around, watching her warily. She met his eyes and smiled. â€Å"You're going to stay quiet no matter what I do,† she told him. â€Å"You aren't going to call for help or tell anyone when I leave. Okay?† The thrall of compulsion slid over him. He nodded in agreement. Moving toward the window, she unlocked it and slid the glass up. As she did, a tumble of considerations played through her mind. She was weak. She didn't know how far from the Academy – from anything, really – she was. She had no clue how far she could get before someone noticed. But she also knew she might not get another chance at escape. She had no intention of spending the rest of her life in this cabin in the woods. At any other time, I would have cheered on her boldness, but not this time. Not when all those guardians were about to save her. She needed to stay put. Unfortunately, she couldn't hear my advice. Lissa climbed out the window, and I swore out loud. â€Å"What? What'd you see?† asked a voice behind me. I jerked up from my reclining position in the car, banging my head on the ceiling. Glancing behind me, I found Christian peering up from the cargo space behind the farthest backseats. â€Å"What are you doing here?† I asked. â€Å"What's it look like? I'm a stowaway.† â€Å"Don't you have a concussion or something?† He shrugged like it didn't matter. What a great pair he and Lissa were. Neither afraid to take on crazy feats while seriously injured. Still, if Kirova had made me stay behind, I would have been right beside him in the back. â€Å"What's happening?† he asked. â€Å"Did you see something new? Hastily, I told him. I also got out of the car as I spoke. He followed. â€Å"She doesn't know our guys are already coming for her. I'm going to go get her before she kills herself with exhaustion.† â€Å"What about the guardians? The school's, I mean. Are you going to tell them she's gone?† I shook my head. â€Å"They're probably already busting down the cabin's door. I'm going after her.† She was somewhere off to the right side of the cabin. I could head in that direction but wouldn't be able to get very precise until I was much closer to her. Still, it didn't matter. I had to find her. Seeing Christian's face, I couldn't resist giving him a dry smile. â€Å"And yeah, I know. You're going with me.†

Portfolio Management Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Management Master - Essay Example Thereafter the effects on smaller securities will be masked by those of larger portfolio. (Gruber 26). This is not to imply that returns will increase with sensitivity to the said factors. Because some factor that are prices cannot be diversified yet are persuasive, they will definitely affect the price returns as opposed to those that are unpriced yet can be diversified. Therefore the distinction of priced and unpriced factors defines the first role of APT in portfolio management. An example of this role in deciding to buy steels that are not persuasive to current prices, is for the APT manager to decide how to buy knowing they will not get extra returns. (Gruber 26), (Anonymous 337 - 352) Secondly, the manager must ensure that there is enough knowledge of choosing steel stocks to cover the extended risks and must also ensures that this risk is spread across several securities. Thus, the APT process must guarantee trade offs as prices make returns sensitive. This means that there is neither a good or bad decision, rather, risk return aim are the most guiding factors. (Gruber 26). Thirdly, APT will influence choice of portfolio depending on income. ... (Gruber 26) Therefore by use of Arbitrage Pricing Theory, the management will lay out a portfolio that considers several factors of influence under the prevailing market conditions. Thereafter priced risks will persuade the investor to take the greatest risk similar to CAPM. Risk will vary with sensitivity of the influences. However the market portfolio has no significance role in the decision of market performance. (Gruber 27). Hypothesis: Whenever the CEO of a company retires, an excess return can be made by buying the company's stock. This hypothesis can be tested by research into the retirement of famous CEO of companies that are listed in the stock exchange markets. Examples of key CEOs who have retired are Lee Raymond from Exxon Mobil (XOM), John Kanas from North Folk Bancorp, Robert Nardelli from Home Depot, Stan O'Neal from Merrill Lynch. A list of up to 50 CEOs who have retired from listed companies will need to be made to make up study of individual retirement and stock sale cases. (Oduma 1) Next research will need to be done to establish which which stocks sales went up or down as soon as the CEO of the respective companies retired from the listed companies. The assumptions to be held are that the stock quantities are stable as well as there price fluctuations. If more than 50% of these results reflect this statement, then the hypothesis can be said to hold. If not then the hypothesis in null. (Oduma 1) A long side this research, there will be need to identify factors that have previously led to increased buying of company stock. In this case, the issue of CEO's retirement will need to

Spatial Differences of Rich and Poor Neighbourhood in Jeddah, Saudi Essay

Spatial Differences of Rich and Poor Neighbourhood in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia - Essay Example This paper explores the reason for this gap by studying poor and the posh areas in the modern city Jeddah located in the west coast of Saudi Arabia. The study analyzes six different factors based on birth rate, income rate, employment facility, education access, healthcare facilities and the crime rate in two prominent areas of the Jeddah city, the Al-Naeem district and the Al-Sharafiyah district. The paper examines how these various hypotheses affects the living condition of the poor and the rich people in these areas using the data collected through an elaborate survey in both the districts. The outcome of the research states there is relatively little difference between the life style of the rich and the poor. Both have nearly equal access to the education and employment. The chances for the poor people to earn more are slightly less than the rich owing to their rich people’s high education standard. The birth rate in both the poor and the rich families are more or less similar with slight variations in the number of children and the earning elders. But, the prevalence of crime rate is much higher in the poor neighbourhoods than the rich people’s area. Similarly, advanced healthcare facilities are mostly limited to the rich people. Introduction Just like many other Saudi Arabian cities, Jeddah too is mostly deserted. The fast growing city is located on the border of the Red Sea. The Al-Sarawat Mountains serve as a natural fortification for the city in the eastern side. The Gulf of Salman present on the northern side of the city acts as a great port. The cities location makes it a gateway for Mecca and Medina, the Jerusalem of the Islamists. The influx of tourists from international communities was crucial in the development of this multicultural city1. Jeddah is located on Tahoma coastal plain that is about 75 kilometres west of Mecca2. The region earned natural environmental distinction with a wide desert, eroded plateau at the central region, and the weather is dry and hot, although winter brings its cold season3. The climate in the city is usually quite high ranging up to 43 Â °C (109 Â °F) in the summers. Dust storms and bush fires are quite common. Jeddah is situated at the heart of the Middle East. It can be reached easily through flight from any North African and other Middles East country’s capital within a couple of hours. It is a major port of Saudi Arabia. Jeddah is considered as the next major commercial city in Saudi Arabia after Dubai. It is quite westernized and has all the modern facilities suitable for a metropolitan city. Jeddah's major shopping area Tahlia Street features everything from Gucci to Armani products along with their traditional jewelleries. Coined as the bride of the Red Sea, Jeddah stretched in a spatial area of 1,320 km24. Objective of the Study The main objective of the study is to spot out whether there is a significant gap between the life of the rich and the poor in the Saudi Arabia. The study selects the historical city of Jeddah as sample and explores the two districts in it, the economically backward Al-Sharafiyah and the posh Al-Naeem area. The main question considered for research is; How different is the life of the people living the economically ba ckward regions like Al-Sharafiyah different from the ones living in flourishing areas like Al-Naeem. The study compares the various aspects of the life of the poor and the rich through six different hypotheses listed below. Hypothesis 1: The birth rate and the number of family members in the Al-Sharafiyah district influence the fertility of the region. Justification: Al-Naeem has controlled infant birth rate and high earning adult’s rate in each family. On the other hand Al-Sharafiyah has more number of small children and controlled number of bread

Mikes Most Memorable Accident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Mikes Most Memorable Accident - Essay Example When Mike is out with his friends, they enjoy racing their cars on Jumaira Road and flirt with hot chicks. On this particular day, Mike’s parents ask him to renew his license because they want to surprise him for his birthday by purchasing him a new Chevrolet Silverado 2012. Mike goes to the mall for an eye test. The attendant informs him that even though the renewal of the license is possible, it will take a few days to process. In addition, a fee will be required. Mike makes the payment and receives a note saying that his license is renewed, but he has to wait for three or four days to receive it. Mike then leaves for home. On his way home, Mike’s mother calls for the renewal of his license. Mike refuses to answer his phone partly because of his resentment towards his parents but also because he was feeling drowsy. The continual hampering for him to renew his license took a great toll on him. Mike is struggling to keep his eyes open and on the road, but he makes a right turn and keeps moving along in the left lane. Mike then notices a speed bump and a U-turn, but he sees an old man riding a bicycle along the end of the right lane at the same time. Because there is a gap between the two lanes, and the old man does not seem to show any intention of moving over when Mike is approaching the u-turn, Mike increases his speed from 50 KHM to 70 KMH. As Mike gets close to the turn, the old man suddenly decides to cross the road. Mike does not have sufficient time either to hit the brakes or to avoid the old man. There is no time even for Mike to think about it. It all happened so fast that Mike drove on w ithout even noticing. He only realizes what has happened when he spots shreds of glass on the passenger’s seat.

Healthcare Policy & Management Project - Mothers Room and ADA Research Paper

Healthcare Policy & Management Project - Mothers Room and ADA Compliant Bathrooms - Research Paper Example passed specific structural needs to enhance the accessibility of the people and provided an enhanced level of support to the employees particularly for mother workers and the employees with disability. This project involves developing a plan to provide Mothers (Lactation Aid) Room in The Company’s global headquarters located in New York City to provide private rooms for new mothers who wish to continue breastfeeding after returning to work. The policies will be designed in accordance with the workplace breastfeeding support provision in the Patient and Protection and Affordable Care Act (Section 4207) and the guidelines established by the Department of Labor, Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). According to Murtagh & Moulton (2011) the requirement for a workplace that supports the different needs of the employees is extremely important in the present day context. Angeletti (2009) noted that there has been a primary need for lactation rooms in the workplace for breast-feeding working mothers. Mensah (2011) further mentions that owing to the fact that the child bearing ages and the employable years of a women’s life is suffering and thus the employers should be providing them with additional support to maintain their work life balance (Tsai, 2013). Department of Labor (2010) articulated that the new policies have been reframed in order to enhance better support to the working mothers. The companies are reframing their policies in order to enhance their structural support to the new mothers to provide care for their babies and enhance their work life balance (York, 2008). The companies need to efficiently handle their structural development to provide with the lactation rooms. This would enhance the new mother’s confidence to join back office post delivery (CDC, 2004). Furthermore, it would also help the working mothers to enhance their balance between professional and personal life. Lleras (2008) further stated that the number of working women has increased in

Common Law Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Common Law Tort - Essay Example Fairness (natural justice) was restored to common law by the caselaw of Ridge vs. Baldwin3. (W)hat the requirements of fairness demand from any body, domestic or administrative or judicial, has to make a decision which will affect the rights of individuals depends on the character of the decision making body, the kind of decision it has to make and the statutory or other framework in which it operates.4 Negligence, definition and elements. At common law, there is liability for damage caused by unintentional but negligent acts or omissions. "Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do."6 In strict legal analysis, negligence means more than heedless or careless conduct, whether in omission or commission; it properly connotes the complex concept of duty, breach and damage thereby suffered by the person to whom the duty was owing. (1934)7 According to Denning L.J.11, all the elements are really the same thing. What is being required by court as a matter of social policy is risk because when P is injured because of risk created by D, the latter (D) ought to be required by law to compensate the injured party (P). In effect, duty, proximate cause and remoteness continually run into each other; they are simply ways of looking at the same thing. Two of the elements are factual, namely cause - in - fact and damage, while duty of care, standard of care and remoteness are questions of law. Causa Sine Qua Non. Upon P is laid the burden of establishing each and every element in the required quantum of evidence. P is required to prove that the breach of which he complains caused the damage for which he claims12 and he does so by proving that "but for" the breach of duty he would not have suffered the damage. He must prove such causation in both factual and legal aspects. The determination of factual causation comes before that of legal causation. The causal connection between the act or omission constituting the breach of duty and the damage as a fact must be proven to exist and the "But For" test determines and establishes that an event constituting the negligence and another constituting the damage are in fact linked. In multiple possible causes, the claimant must prove that the defendant's breach of duty caused

Collective Bargaining at Magic Carpet Airlines Case Study Essay

Collective Bargaining at Magic Carpet Airlines Case Study - Essay Example However, this may have been counterproductive, because the airline could have then argued that there is no connection because of the different industries. The main additional source that it seems the union missed, was to look at national airlines as a comparison, instead of just looking at other feeder airlines. The union had several primary objectives which they wanted the company to face and on which they thought they could bargain productively. First of all, there was the issue of raising wages. The flight attendants wanted a higher hourly rate. Also, there was the objective of increasing job security, particularly to protect flight attendants with a lot of seniority from being fired or laid off by the airline. In addition to job security, the union also wanted expanded vacation and leave time, as well as better working conditions. Another objective of the union was to change the duty rig system. In the duty rig system, a flight attendant may spend a 15 hour day, commuting to an airport, waiting for the flight, and running checks, but only get paid 6 hours, because in the duty rig system, they are only paid for time that the airplane is in the air. This seemed unfair to union representatives. The union’s strategies can be separated into three categories—inform, involve, and convince. In the inform stage, the strategy was to keep union members as well informed as possible as to what was going on with the collective bargaining negotiations. In the involve strategy, the union aimed to optimize union membership participation by encouraging activities such as picketing and mini-strikes. Finally, the third strategy concentrated on convincing the airline of their grievances, and not backing down from their objectives. These strategies were more than reasonable—the only real power a union has is to withhold work. Magic Carpet’s goals were to preserve the status quo, and to save money. They did not want to give in to union

Create a security policy - Please read instructions Essay

Create a security policy - Please read instructions - Essay Example Since Destin is mainly a tourist’s attraction, the company receives various small design jobs throughout the year and especially in the summer. Along with providing design services, the company also provides PR services and content writing services for some of its major clients. Rubric Company is mainly a service based company and this means employees have to be courteous to the clients as they are the face of the company. While the clients of the company are quickly expanding, so are the employees in the organization. Rubric began as a small advertising agency with only five employees but the need of the business required employees more business over the years. As of now, the company has 50 employees on its payroll. Thus, the organization evolved from a closely knit group to an organization that is considering expanding to new states within the US. The purpose and intent of this policy is to protect Rubric Company from premeditated or inadvertent unethical behavior. Moreover, this policy is designed to develop an open and trustworthy culture in the organization where the participation and support of each employee is valued.. The following strategy pertains to all entities working for or in association with the day to day business of Rubric Company. The policy is intended for all the people in the organization including the CEO, managers and Human resource in the organization. This includes both the employees and the upper management of the company. It is also specifically targeted to employees who have been found to be involved in certain unethical behavior. Once the ethics policy is approved, it is to be expected that the policy would be considered as part of the rules and regulations of the organization and would guide the management regarding the proper course of action regarding future issues of

Human Resources Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Resources Development - Essay Example yoffs as examples to the survivors so that the survivors know that if their performance is not up to the mark, they can be laid off like others as well. In addition, management can establish rewards and tie them with achievement of specific goals on the part of the survivors. This would make a two-way approach wherein, the survivors would increase their commitment and productivity not only to remain employed and not become one of the layoffs but also to get the rewards that have been established by the management. In addition to these steps, close monitoring and supervision of the survivors is also necessary to ensure that they are making correct use of the organizational resources, though management may consider showing flexibility in terms of time schedule; making the employees sit in the office does not necessarily mean that they work full time. Productivity is optimal when employees are given some relaxation in terms of time of arrival and departure from the

Education - Teacher Essay Example for Free

Education Teacher Essay Honorable guest of honors, ministers, parents, friends, and students, l would like to welcome you to Borrowdale Brooke Academy Sports day. School sports day is a red letter day on the calendar. It is a day when students are freed from their classrooms to jump and run around, freed from the fetters of learning. It is a day for mothers to wear their summary best and fathers to cheer on their sons. It’s a day when children who may struggle with academic subjects show that they can race faster or jump further than anyone else. It’s a day for red faces and perspiration where t-shirts and shorts are the order of the day. It’s a day for starter guns or teachers with whistles. School sports day is a day for cameras and videos and smiling faces. It’s a day for triumph and disasters, for successes and failures. Speeches are given and medals are presented and, overall, it’s a day for sportsmanship and making memories. This year, I am pleased to see, many are competing encompassing over 50 staff and family members in a wide variety of events. Not least of which is the tug-of-war which I am told will be vigorously contested. As I look around here today I am reminded once again of just how passionate teachers are about sport and what great competitors you all are. One of the consistencies I see when I watch students play at school is the love BBA Students have for sport. And what a great thing sport is on so many levels. Beyond the obvious health and activity benefits, sport can teach us much about life. It teaches us about teamwork, it teaches us how to get along with others, and it teaches us to work together to achieve a common goal. It’s also about trust and responsibility and about dealing with success and failure. Sport also helps us learn about coping with pressure and the need to stick with training in order to improve. As well as the benefits to individuals, sports and physical activity also bring great benefits to communities through such things as improved health and education, rehabilitation, crime prevention, and gender equality. Another important aspect of sports is its ability to make people feel they are part of something. In a survey done on our last sports day, everybody interviewed said that â€Å"the event made them feel a part of Borrowdale Brooke Academy. Borrowdale Brooke Academy recognizes the value of using sport as vehicle for development But while the challenges are great, so is the commitment to find solutions. I want to acknowledge all the good work done by Teachers and also parents. Everybody has a responsibility to work towards making communities safer. To achieve that goal parents and teachers need to work closely together. This sports day is an excellent way to bring people together in a relaxed environment that will build lasting networks and friendships across the sector. I congratulate the organizers and particularly the director of studies Mrs. Henney, the principal Mrs. Rutsito and his deputy Mr. Muridzi, the technical coordinators Mr. Maviki, and other members of the organizing team who have done a great job in putting together today’s program. And now it only leaves me to wish all competitors good luck and to declare the First annual Borrowdale Brooke Academy Sports Day open. Thank you.

Emergency Departments And Effects Of Non Urgent Cases

Emergency Departments And Effects Of Non Urgent Cases Emergency Departments (EDs) are under increasing pressure and increases in numbers of patients deemed inappropriate or some which could be seen by alternative providers are all a burden on the ED and the health service in general. Over recent years there has seen an increase of attendances at EDs of more than 20% with the majority being primary care cases. Recent changes to the GP contracts in 2003 have also had an impact on increases in attendance to EDs. There is a potential saving of in excess of  £120 million if patients attended the appropriate health service provider either GPs, walk in centres or by self treating and asking a pharmacist. Patient education and good promotion of the Choose Well campaign could reduce these numbers and therefore do away with the need to have to potentially turn away non-urgent cases. Introduction EDs are under increasing pressure to deliver high quality care due to rising attendances. Over the period from 2007-2010 there has been an overall increase in attendance at EDs of England of 20.9%. There was an increase of 10.7% in attendance between the period 07/08 to 08/09 (12,318,051 attendances in 07/08 and 13,794,072 in 08/09) 11.4% increase between 08/09 and 09/10 (15,569736 attendances in the period 09/10). There have been numerous attempts to try and stem the rise in ED attendances including offering patients guidance, making them aware of the consequences and informing them of the alternative health services available. A GP ED Triage Pilot conducted by Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Sheffield General Practitioner Collaborative in March 20101 which was conducted to ensure patients were seen in the most appropriate location and by the most appropriate health care professional found that cases deemed to be actual primary care cases amounted to 19%. From this study it could be said that approximately 20% of attendees could potentially have been seen by a general practitioner in primary care rather than attending the ED but this is very small sample and many more studies would need to be carried out looking at different departments to be able to draw a more definitive conclusion. Applying 20% would therefore estimate that for the year 2009/10 in England approximately 3 million attendees were candidates for primary care. The estimated cost of seeing these patient in the ED based on the cost of  £56 for treating a minor ailment and  £75 for a standard (average cost  £65.50) totals  £196.5 million. Doctors consultations in primary care settings are the most cost effective part of the medical component of the NHS at  £15- £30 (averaging  £22.50), GP consultations cost less than out-patients appointments, ED and ambulance calls (ambulance calls costing  £255 per patient). Therefore the cost of treating the 3 million potential primary care/GP patients in the GP setting would total  £67.5million which would save the NHS a potential  £129 million.2 These values are only for normal working hours. Most non-urgent cases actually occur out of hours which would actually increase this amount even further with even more potential savings. The above costings are currently being changed to new Health Care Resource (HRG) code costings which are slightly less which could reflect lower savings than those calculated.3,4 The choose well campaign North West estimated the national cost to the NHS of treating minor illnesses is  £2 billion a year.5 The new system will have 11 different HRG groups, opposed to the current three Groups. The new HRG codes mean you must code both investigations and treatments, as opposed to investigations alone6 (appendix 1). This review hopes to come to an understanding why these patients use the emergency department rather than GP surgeries, barriers to other forms of care and access to GP surgeries and therefore answering the question whether emergency departments should be able to turn away non-urgent cases. Other points which will be taken into account are the ethical dilemmas associated with potentially turning patients away and the potential repercussions of doing so. Method and literature review A search was performed using Lancaster Universitys metalib data base which searched Scopus, Springerlink, Science Direct and Ovid Medline and Pub Med data bases. After accounting for duplicates and reviewing titles and abstracts, papers were selected for review. Search criteria included the terms, non-urgent, emergency department, primary care. The date was initially limited to 1996 2010 but on further searches earlier articles were allowed in order to search for historical articles. The search was also limited to humans and English language. The Department of Health website and the Primary Care Foundation website were also used to find current legislation and data. Database Limits Results OVID Medline emergency department, non-urgent primary care year-1996-2010 humans, English 25 Pub Med 12 Springerlink 19 Science Direct 72 Why patients attend the emergency department There is no formal definition of what is deemed an appropriate attendee to the emergency department due to peoples own impressions of what they believe to be an emergency. This leads to inappropriate attenders who could have legitimately seen their own GP. The types of patient who attend inappropriately and their decisions to do so are complex and involve social, psychological and medical factors.7 Urgency is also a term which is difficult to define and to measure. Studies have been carried out which have measured urgency but there is such wide variation on what is deemed urgent the results are subjective. Due to this subjective nature when defining urgent it is important to be consistent and have appropriate and qualified medical professionals determining the urgency of a situation using set criteria. In an early study Lavenhar et al described an urgent problem as one that requires medical attention within a few hours.8 This definition is used in this review. It has also been found, what medical professionals deem as non-urgent is often not perceived the same in the patient and the urgency of the situation should be based on the presenting signs and symptoms and not the eventual final diagnosis.9 Patients have been seen to attend the ED for many reasons including, the following: They deemed their condition/illness to be appropriate for the ED They believed the GP would refer them anyway The GP surgery was too far to travel to The GP surgery was closed A friend or family member felt it appropriate For those patients who deemed their attendance to be appropriate for their illness or condition it would be very difficult to convince them otherwise and such patients generally attend the ED for reassurance that there condition is not serious and is not going to get any worse. Such patients also have high anxiety, and a sense of urgency and self diagnose yet have no formal medical knowledge.9-12 Those who believed that their GP would have referred them anyway thought they would cut out the middle man. The patients found to do this in a study carried out by Palmer et al deemed their condition to be bad enough and that their GP would refer them, and attending their GP prior to attending the ED would just be a waste of time13 this study also found that pain was a major factor patients took into consideration when deciding on where to attend. Pain itself being subjective and open to individual interpretation. Those that found the GP surgery to be too far to travel were patients who generally lived in rural areas where the distance to both GP and ED were significantly far away and patients therefore decided they may as well attend the ED rather than the GP to save time in the event that the GP would just refer them anyway. Those patients for whom the GP surgery was closed mainly attended out of hours or at weekends. These patients generally thought their condition was urgent and couldnt wait until the surgery reopened.11,12 For attendees who were advised by friends and family to attend the ED did so purely on this advice and the majority of which would not have done so without this advice. This included people advised by colleagues, first aiders and schools where responsibility for the patient was in someone elses hands and the person advising did so in order to protect themselves.12,13 Another major factor to consider when looking at why patients attend the ED is the decision making capabilities of the patients themselves. This would include social, psychosocial and medical factors. Padgett and Brodsky14 proposed a three stage model which outlined how the stages of decision making interacted between the three different stages within the model. The three factors were predisposing, enabling and need. The decision making stages being recognising the problem, deciding to seek treatment and the decision on where to get the treatment. Predisposing factors which are part of stage one included the age, sex, race, level of education, family and social support available. The enabling factors, stage 2 were the income of the patient, usual source of care, proximity of the source of care and the perceived accessibility of this care source and the factors contributing to the need, stage three, were symptom recognition, evaluation of need, level of distress and psychiatric co-morbidity. Padgett and Brodskys three stage model14 Barriers to Care The above predisposing factors are also forms of barriers to care and are dealt with by patients in many different ways. Patient education would be a major tool for breaking down such barriers.11 This is the aim of a local and national campaign called Choose Well. This is a campaign that is supported by the NHS and its staff and aims to ensure people who need advice and treatment for common complaints, get fast and expert care.5 The North West has seen an increase of 177,000 patients in the ED over the last two years and hoped the Choose Well campaign would reduce this over the winter of 2010/11. The North West NHS estimated that 1 in 4 ED attendances were due to patients who could have self treated or could have been seen by other health professionals elsewhere. Offering guidance in both GP surgeries and EDs would give patients the information for themselves to determine the urgency of their condition. This information could include what definitely should be seen at the ED and what definitely shouldnt. Where this is a good idea and has the potential to work well however it could potentially cause patients with urgent problems to believe that they are non-urgent therefore putting them at risk of harm. On the other hand it could also cause some patients to deem themselves urgent and attend the ED when they were initially happy to attend their GP practice adding to the non-urgent caseload. The Choose Well campaign briefly describes the types of conditions that should attend the ED as an emergency and gives contact numbers for patients to ring in order to get further information on where is best for them to attend. This may be difficult for some patients; particularly the elderly as navigating around a website may be difficult or impossible and at a time when you are not well or believe to be in an emergency situation this could be valuable time needed for treatment. It does however offer valuable advice for minor injuries and illnesses known not to be life or limb threatening and could possibly eliminate the need for these patients to enter the health service at all reducing overall numbers and costs. Does Choose Well make a difference? The Choose Well campaign North West sent out a survey (appendix 1) to determine the number of people who had made alternative decisions to attending the ED and whether the messages from the campaign had reached the local people. The survey results are not yet available but Merseyside NHS was successful in increasing the level of awareness amongst the people of Merseyside of the range of NHS services available to them over the winter of 2008 with 94,547 people using NHS Walk in centres in Merseyside, a rise of 18% from the year before and there was a drop in AE attendance of 6.4%, compared to the previous winter yet they still had high attendances to the ED with up to half of these potentially of the type that could have been treated by more appropriate NHS services.15   Many patients do not realise that there are cost implications and differences in cost between EDs and GPs and believe that it makes no difference whether they visit as all they want is a diagnosis regardless of who gives it to them.16 Many do not visit their GPs because of the appointment systems in place, and they are often unable to make an appointment and are therefore more willing to wait around in the ED where they are guaranteed to be seen rather than wait for an appointment at their GP practice. It has also been noted that when patients were unable to see their regular GP and were offered an appointment to see an alternative the decision was made to attend the ED rather than see the alternative.17,18 The opening hours of primary care facilities also do not satisfy the needs of some patients, those who work during the day may not be able to take time off from their daily activities to attend appointments which are set at the discretion of the GP practice rather than at the discretion of the patient such as in the evening, during the night and at weekends. Repeat attendees of the ED are found to make up a large proportion of cases. In a report by NHS Manchester19 who had registered 230,000 attendances per year at its three main sites showed that 13% of these attendances were frequent attendees (patients who attended the ED four or more times in a six month period) with the average number of times a frequent attender being 5.7 times. The report also suggested that this was inappropriate use of the ED and that patients needs were not being met by primary care providers. They decided to increase performance by putting in place best practice which was to include devising computer software that would identify the frequent attenders and allow GPs to see who they where so that they can make contact with the patients and inform them about their inappropriate use of the ED. The patients were sent letters stating key messages on the use of the ED and an information leaflet. The pro-forma letter which read An AE department is often not the best p lace to receive care for non-urgent problems or those that will need ongoing treatment. They do not have your medical records which included information about other medical problems both past and present, investigations, regular medication, and any allergies to medication. Not having this information can compromise the treatment you receive. The enclosed leaflet contains information about services other than AE departments which are available to you. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.AE departments should be used when the problem is an accident or requires emergency treatment. We would request that you contact the surgery first when you have a health problem that requires some advice and/or treatment.19 This intervention was found in one GP practice to reduce the number of repeat attenders by 20%19 even though studies have shown that this would be the number of frequent attenders that would over time stop attending anyway without any form of intervention.20,21 In order to validate the results found the intervention should be compared between surgeries with some surgeries having intervention and some not having the intervention. GP services within the ED There has been an increase in the number of primary care doctors in EDs or based closely to EDs over recent years. This has been found to decrease the numbers of non-urgent cases seeking ED treatment in favour of a GP and has also reduced the number of unnecessary admissions to hospital. This sort of initiative requires team work and close working partnerships with both EDs and GPs which at times has be proven to be tricky due to differences in culture and beliefs. The primary Care Foundation has carried out research commissioned by the Department of Health, the study, which was carried out in May 2009, looked at different models of primary care across England practising within and alongside EDs. The number of patients deemed to be primary care patients were identified. It found that around half of all EDs did in actual fact have some form of primary care presence working within the ED and that between 10% and 30% of attendees were classified as primary care candidates.22 Discussion Ethical dilemma of turning patients away The four principles of ethics developed by Beauchamp and Childress23 must be taken into account when coming to a decision as to whether to turn patients away from the ED. The 4 principles approach takes into account that whatever our personal beliefs, philosophy, moral theory or life stance the care of patients is the most important factor. It could be said that turning patients away from the ED was going against the ethics of the health service in that it is considered freely accessible to all at any time. The Four Ethical Principles Autonomy Patients must be respected and must not be deceived and must be given adequate information. If patients are turned away then they are not given all the required information regarding their condition. Even though they would be advised to see their GP they may not do so. Beneficence and non-maleficence It may be seen as causing the patient harm by turning them away, they may suffer further pain or psychological trauma by not being seen. Justice Justice or fairness may be breached if patients are turned away. The health service is free at the point of entry and patients that are turned away may feel as if they are being denied care or treatment, even though they would be offered it at their GP practice for some this may not be possible or an option therefore denying them any form of care at all. Conclusion From the articles and documents reviewed it can be seen that non-urgent attendees at the ED are a drain on public funds and a time of economic instability and when there is a keen focus on service cuts and delivering value for money. In spite of the evidence and from reviewing articles I feel that it could potentially be detrimental to the health and well being of patients if they were to be turned away from the ED for non-urgent or minor conditions that could be seen in general practice. Turning them away could make them stop seeking medical treatment and could make them lose faith in the health service altogether. I believe that more patient education and greater access to GPs and primary care health professionals is what is required in order to reduce the numbers and therefore the cost of treating such patients. It is not the duty of the treating professional to determine the perceived severity of illness or injury a patient attends with but to offer them the care and support they need in order for them to continue their lives as they would like to. It is however the duty of health professionals to educate their patients and offer support on how they should deal with such illnesses and injuries so as not to have to attend or re-attend the ED. This could come in the form of information leaflets or just by talking to the patients and finding out their reasons for attending the ED rather than GPs and how things can be put in to place and organised for future patients to overcome the barriers to other forms of care. In 2003/4 there was a change in the GP contracts, following this there was an increase in ED attendances. The new contracts made changes to the after-hours access to GPs and allowed GPs to opt out of this area of care, this then resulted in the increase of after-hours presentations to the ED of GP cases.24 So in order to increase access there would need to be more GPs not opting out of the after-hours work or changing the contracts to omit the option to opt out of such. Even though there are provisions such as walk in centres and out-of-hours services people attend the ED, this could be due to the unfamiliarity of such places and lack of knowledge of the facilities available. More patient education and promotion of such centres would be required to ensure they are made aware to everyone in the event of requiring such services. Also the integration of primary and secondary care could help improve services for everyone by bringing GPs into the EDs and from a closer working partnership. Appendix 1 HRG code HRG name Band AE tariff ( £) VB01Z Any investigation with category 5 treatment 1 183 VB02Z Category 3 investigation with category 4 treatment 1 183 VB03Z Category 3 investigation with category 1-3 treatment 2 133 VB04Z Category 2 investigation with category 4 treatment 2 133 VB05Z Category 2 investigation with category 3 treatment 2 133 VB06Z Category 1 investigation with category 3-4 treatment 3 78 VB07Z Category 2 investigation with category 2 treatment 4 110 VB08Z Category 2 investigation with category 1 treatment 4 110 VB09Z Category 1 investigation with category 1-2 treatment 3 78 VB10Z Dental Care 5 52 VB11Z No investigation with no significant treatment 5 52 HRG codes and tariffs6 Appendix 2 North West Choose Well Survey If you or a family member had a minor illness or injury (for example a sore throat, backache, cough or cold), which is the first NHS service you would use for advice and treatment? (Please select one answer) Y/N Y/N Pharmacy Minor Injuries Unit GP/Doctor Look for advice on the internet Phone NHS Direct or look on their website Dial 999 NHS Walk-in Centre Go to AE Urgent Care Centre None of the above, I would look after myself Other, please state below If your first choice service was unavailable, which other NHS service would you contact next? (Please select one answer) Y/N Y/N Pharmacy Minor Injuries Unit GP/Doctor Look for advice on the internet Phone NHS Direct or look on their website Dial 999 NHS Walk-in Centre Go to AE Urgent Care Centre None of the above, I would look after myself Other, please state below If you are a parent or carer for children under 16 years of age, please complete questions 3 4. Otherwise go straight to question 5. Which age group are your children in? Y/N Y/N 0 4 years 10 13 years 5 9 years 14 16 years If your children had a minor illness or injury (for example a temperature, a sore throat, cough or cold, a small cut or a sprain), which is the first NHS service you would use for advice and treatment? (Please select one) Y/N Y/N Pharmacy Minor Injuries Unit GP/Doctor Look for advice on the internet Phone NHS Direct or look on their website Dial 999 NHS Walk-in Centre Go to AE Urgent Care Centre None of the above, I would look after myself Other, please state below 5. If you have selected AE or 999 in answer to questions 1, 2 or 4 above, please answer this question. Otherwise go straight to question 6. If you have selected AE or 999 in answer to questions 1, 2 or 4 above, can you tell us why you would make this choice? (Select as many as apply) Y/N Y/N You will receive the best quality care and advice You know that you are guaranteed to be treated You will be seen quicker than any other service The AE is closest to where you live You do not know where else to go In the past your GP sent you to your AE or told you to call 999 You would have chosen a GP, but are not registered with one In the past you were told to go to AE or to call 999 by another health service, e.g. pharmacy/NHS Direct You would have chosen a GP, but it is difficult to get an appointment Other, please state below Which of the following services do you currently use your local pharmacist store for? (Select as many as apply) Y/N Y/N Picking up a prescription Advice if your child has a high temperature Advice and treatment for a headache Advice and treatment for backache and other aches pains Advice and treatment for an upset stomach Advice and treatment for a urine infection Advice and treatment for treating coughs, colds flu Contraceptive advice Other, please state below Did you know that your local pharmacist store provides a confidential consultation area? Yes/No Did you know that your local pharmacist can offer you confidential advice and treatment without an appointment? Yes/No Would you consider using your local pharmacist for any of the following? (Select as many as apply) Y/N Y/N Contraceptive advice Advice if your child has a high temperature Advice and treatment for a headache Advice and treatment for backache and other aches pains Advice and treatment for an upset stomach Advice and treatment for a urine infection Advice and treatment for treating coughs, colds flu Other, please state below Do you know where to find information about late night and weekend opening hours for your local pharmacist? Yes/No Choose Well is an NHS campaign that aims to help people in the North West to understand which NHS service to use if they need fast and effective treatment for minor illnesses and ailments; and how to use 999 and AE services appropriately. Have you heard of the Choose Well campaign? Yes/No If yes go to Q 12; if no go to Q 13 Where have you seen or heard about the Choose Well campaign? (Select as many as apply) Y/N Y/N Local newspaper Local news websites PCT website Community radio Local radio Life Channel (GP TV) Bus advert Leaflet Signs on ambulances Other posters Word of mouth (someone mentioned it to you) Other, please state below Have you heard any of the following messages? Tick as many as appropriate. The number of people using AE and 999 services is continuing to rise One out of every four people who go to AE could have either treated themselves at home, or used another local NHS service You can get three free text messages, with details of your three nearest pharmacies by texting pharmacy to 64746 Your local pharmacy provides expert, convenient advice and treatment for minor ailments AE and 999 services are for life-threatening and serious conditions such as heart-attacks, strokes, breathing problems and serious accidents Get the right NHS treatment As a result of seeing these messages, if you or a member of your family has a minor illness or ailment are you less likely or more likely to use the following services (please select as appropriate). Less Likely More Likely Your local pharmacy Your local GP NHS Walk-in Centre or similar service Minor Injuries Unit Urgent Care Centre NHS Direct NHS Choices Website AE 999 To help us to get our campaign right, it would be really helpful if you could give us some information about yourself. Which age group do you fall in to? Y/N Y/N Y/N 16 19 40 49 70 79 20 29 50 59 80 89 30 39 60 69 90+ Gender please delete as appropriate Male Female Please could you tell us the first part of your postcode e.g. M22 or SK6 Ethnicity Please can you select the group that best describes your ethnic background White Y/N Y/N English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British Irish Gypsy or Traveller Other, please give details Mixed/Multiple Ethnic Groups Y/N Y/N White and Black Caribbean White and Asian White and Black African Other, please give details Asian/Asian British Y/N Y/N Indian Bangladeshi Pakistani Chinese Other, please give details Black/African/Caribbean/Black British Y/N Y/N African Caribbean Other, please give details Other Ethnic Y/N Y/N Arab Other, please give details Thank you for your time we really appreciate your help. If you are willing to help us to develop this project further, please fill in your contact details below Name Address Tel. No. Email address Taken directly from the Choose Well questionnaire5

Examining The Enzyme Amylase And Its Uses Science Essay

Examining The Enzyme Amylase And Its Uses Science Essay A catalyst is a substance used to speed up a particular reaction and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. Reactions that are sped up by catalysts can range from making sure maximum ammonia is obtained in industries to making sure that every starch particle in our bodies has been broken down during digestion. Looking at enzymes, enzymes can be defined as biological catalysts they speed up metabolic reactions that are taking part in living organisms. Enzymes are protein in nature and are made up of globular proteins. This gives them a precise 3D shape that has hydrophilic R groups on the outside that make them soluble. Enzymes come from microorganisms, plants or animals. An enzymes features include an active site which is a depression in the enzyme to which a molecule (substrate) can bind and be broken down into two or more products. The shape of the active site is what determines what substrates can fit and substrates are required to fit perfectly in an enzyme for them to be b roken down. Therefore an enzyme will act on only one type of a specific substrate molecule. Enzymes also reduce the activation energy this is the initial amount of energy that is required to increase the rate of a particular reaction. The rate of a reaction of an enzyme depends on how many enzyme molecules there are, how many substrate molecules there are and the speed that the enzyme is able to convert this substrate into a product. However the rate of reactions of enzymes does not always run smoothly it is affected by: enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, pH, enzyme cofactors, temperature and enzyme inhibitors. Enzymes tend to denature when exposed to high temperature that is higher than 40à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C because of their protein nature they are then destroyed. They also work faster at a pH of around 7 that is a neutral pH with few exceptions. Eg. Enzymes in the stomach that work within the presence of hydrochloric acid (1,2) Introduction to enzymes in industriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Enzymes play multiple roles in industries and many industries have now turned to enzyme technology. The advantage in using enzymes is that they can catalyse the different chemical reactions, they are specific so therefore they can give pure products, and they work efficiently. Such factors play leading roles in the pharmaceutical, food and agricultural industries. When using enzymes in industries microorganisms are preferably used as the source rather than plants or animal. This is because companies find that they can be grown economically in bulk fermenters controlled conditions, they can be genetically engineered relatively easily, and mutant varieties can relatively easily be produced to improve performance and their production rate can be altered to suit the demand. When several enzymes are required to be used in more than one reaction to made a product then the enzymes are isolated and the specific enzyme is chosen for the reaction. Pure enzymes can also be used and in some case s enzymes can be used as they are without having to purify them eg.fruit juice production and meat tenderization. Industries have also found another way of using enzymes that enables them to reduce the cost of the process and also be able to re-use the enzyme after that reaction. They do this by immobilizing the enzyme. This means that the enzyme gets strapped to a solid support then put in the reaction so therefore after the enzyme has broken down that reaction it can be retrieved from the mixture. Immobilizing an enzyme also makes it more stable as it disables the enzyme to denature as a result of pH or temperature changes. Such enzymes are mostly used in the process for making sweeteners in the USA and fruitdrinks in Japan. (1,2) AMYLASE This is a digestive enzyme that plays an important role in our bodies and also in the food industry, textile and pharmaceutical industry. Amylase comes in different forms that are determined by the way in which their glycosidic bonds are attached. There is the Alpha-amylase, Beta-amylases and Gluco-amylases these include gamma-amylases and amyloglucosidases . (3,7) Below are the primary-quaternary structures of amylase. Primary Structure Secondary Structure Quatenary Structure Tertiary Structure The enzyme amylase is mainly used as a digestive enzyme. The reaction that is being broken down in the presence of amylase is the breaking down of long chain carbohydrates (polysaccharides such as starch) into disaccharides (maltose) and then monosaccharides (glucose). (3,5,6) In industries amylase is used in the following ways: In brewing and fermentation the amylase that is present in wheat breakdown the starch into fermentable sugars. They catalyze maize or potato starch to syrups in numerous reactions to syrups that contain sugars that can then be used in making sweets, or ice cream. In baked goods they pre-digest the starch that increases the performance of yeast and increases the yield of the product. In textile industry they are used to breakdown starched clothes for them to be dyed after the starch has been used as a stiffening agent to design the cotton fibres. In washing and cleaning, amylase is used to dissolve starch stains. For sizing of paper. to increase diastase in flour. Used in babyfoods. Amylase also takes out starch during jelly production. In fruit juices they remove the lees that has starch. (3,7,4) The sources of amylase is animals, plants, and microorganisms. In animals amylase is made in the salivary glands and pancreas. In plants amylase can be found in barley malt and in microorganisms they are found in the fungus Aspergillus oryzae. (1) Amylase can be produced by fungul and bacterial cultures. Of these 2 a bacterial culture shows more of an advantage as they display stability in temperature than amylase from fungul cultures. In the bacterial culture the amylase is produced by genetically modified microorganisms these are different types of bacillus. The amylase that is produced by fungul cultures are not genetically modified but once when they were genetically modified Trichoderma was used. (7) A cofactor is a substance that must be attached to the active site before a substrate can be able to bind and enable the enzyme to work properly. These come in the form of an ion or a molecule. The cofactor of amylase is calcium ions (1,6,) An inhibitor is another molecule (other than a substrate) that is very similar to a substrate that takes over the active site and therefore reduces the rate of activity of that enzyme. Inhibitors can be classified as competitive inhibitors and non-competitive inhibitors. The competitive inhibitors are the ones that temporarily bind the active site but can be reversed and overcome by increasing the concentration of the substrate whereas the non-competitive inhibitors are permanent and they destroy the catalytic activity of the enzyme. An inhibitor of amylase is phaseolamin. (1,6,4) The problem with using amylase is that when used in the brewery industry when boiling wort enzyme gets denatured by the boiling and breaking down starch to dextrins by fermentable sugars does not happen. When amylase mixed with other enzymes is used to overcome indigestion it may cause drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision or lightheadedness.

Vouchers and School Choice - First Step Towards a Discriminatory Educa

School Vouchers:Â   The First Step Towards a Discriminatory Educational System On November 9, 1998, Jennifer Marshall, Education Policy Analyst for the Family Research Council, declared in a press statement: "Parental choice in education just got a green light from the Supreme Court." Her statement came as a response to the decision made the same day by the Supreme Court to deny a petition for a writ of certiorari in Jackson v. Benton, a case in Wisconsin which challenges the constitutionality of vouchers in public education. By refusing to take this case, the Supreme Court lets a decision made in the state supreme court stand, in which the court upheld the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program as constitutional. The United States Supreme Court voted almost unanimously to deny cert, indicating either that they agree with the Wisconsin court's decision or that the case is not worthy of their time or consideration, or both. (Neither the lone dissenter, Justice Stephen Breyer, nor the 8-justice majority released any explanations of their actions.) Legally, their choic e not to hear the case sends a passive but clear message: vouchers in public schools are valid under the Constitution of the United States. However, questions remain surrounding the particulars of the Wisconsin program, as well as the larger questions over the concept of vouchers in general. One that is raised is: Can the government in good faith sanction the removal of children from the public schools, at its own expense and at the expense of the children who remain in those public schools? The Court has been strangely inconsistent in its treatment of voucher cases. In 1973, The Court found that vouchers for religious schools violated the establishment clause, but ... ...The reasons given for extant voucher programs are admirable; what decent-minded society could object to giving disadvantaged students a greater chance? The fundamental problem with voucher programs is that they only treat the symptom, and in the process create a whole new community of disadvantaged children. By refusing to review Jackson v. Benton, the Supreme Court is simply ignoring a question the justices will soon be forced to answer: do voucher programs violate the Constitution on grounds other than the separation of church and state? It is a question they will have to consider thoroughly for its ideological, sociological, and political implications. A vote in favor of voucher programs will give the go-ahead to a construction that could lead to nothing more than an educational model of residential urban sprawl, separating the desirables from the undesirables.

Mafia - A History Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history, crime has existed in many different forms and has been committed by not only individuals, but by groups as well. Crime is something that knows no boundaries; it exists in all cultures, is committed by all races, and has existed in all time periods. Crime exists as a part of the economic institution and is a lifestyle for many people. Crime also exists in both organized and un organized forms. Since the early 1900's, "organized" crime has existed in the United States. The following will show where, when, and why the Mafia came to the United States, who organized it in the United States, and how it differed from its origins in the European mafia. By showing this you will see how this specific type of organized crime has In the ninth century, Arab forces occupied Sicily. The native Sicilians were oppressed and took refuge in the surrounding hills. The Sicilians formed a secret society to unite the natives against the Arab and Norman invaders. This secret so ciety was called Mafia after the Arabic word for refuge. The society's intentions were to create a sense of family based on ancestry and Sicilian heritage. In the 1700's, pictures of a black hand were distributed to the wealthy. This was an unspoken request for an amount of money in return for protection. If the money was not paid, the recipients could expect violence such as kidnappings, bombings, and murder. By the nineteenth century, this society grew larger and more criminally oriented. In 1876, Mafia Don Rafael Palizzolo, ran for political office in Sicily. He forced the voters to vote for him under gunpoint. After being elected into office, he promoted Mafia Don Crispi as Prime Minister. Together the two put Sicily under government control and funneled government funds to the society known as the Mafia. In the 1800's, New Orleans was the largest Mafia site in the United States. It was while investigating the murder of an Italian immigrant that the current Police Chief, David H ennessey discovered the existence of this secret society. Police Chief Hennessey was assassinated before this murder case could go to trial. Twelve men were charged with this assassination but were lynched by a newly formed vigilante group. The Italian Ambassador demanded that the vigilantes be tried. President Harrison who disproved of the vigilantes and gave a large cash settlement to the families ... ...ia consists of a large group of glorified thieves, pickpockets and murderers. Although it began with the adoption of much of the Sicilian heritage it has evolved into an organization that's sole purpose is to make money using any illegal means possible. The members of the American Mafia use extortion, bootlegging, prostitution, gambling, kidnapping, and murder to achieve their ends. The above research has shown that the Mafia has become a wide spread problem. The Mafia has continued to grow and infest our society from the early 1900's. It continues to exploit and destroy the honest citizens of our country. Now, these criminal organizations not only control the adults of our communities but also have begun, through the sale and distribution of narcotics, to control our children. Crime organizations must be stopped however this is a difficult task. They have infiltrated members of our government and law enforcement agencies with the lure of money. Unfortunately, crime does pay in m any instances. It is up to each of us to not look the other way, but be aware that there are really no victimless crimes. One way or another, we all pay either by higher taxes or by a more violent society.

A Passage Taken From the Film ‘Trainspotting’ Essay

The passage is taken from a film ‘Trainspotting’, and is therefore a scripted piece. In a situation like this situation in ‘real life’, there would undoubtedly have been interruptions on numerous occasions; however, being a scripted piece, there were no overlaps; the entire passage is in the form of turn taking. In ‘real life’, we all know that we should turn take, but we often break this rule. People break this rule when they are angry, when they are enthusiastic about the issue, or if they want to add to what the other person is saying. Another feature of the passage illustrating that this is a scripted piece, is the fact that there are no self-clarifications. The dialogue is more carefully and logically structured than if it was spontaneous speech. To understand the nature of this passage, one must first understand the context of the piece. Spud is an unemployed ‘bloke’ going to an interview, unbeknown to the interviewers that he does not in fact want the job. Previous to the interview, Spud had taken ‘speed’, which meant that in the interview he is behaving completely inappropriately. An interview should be held formally, and while the two men and the woman interviewing Spud try to keep this business formal, Spud makes three crucial mistakes. Firstly, he is acting as if they were ‘mates’, by using very chatty language; secondly, he says approximately 100 words, explaining that he had lied in his original application, but how he thinks that it was alright because it apparently was not important; and thirdly, because he has taken ‘speed’, he is talking extremely fast, with few pauses for breath, which suggests to an interviewer that he is nervous, and creates the effects that t he ‘speed’ would have had on him. An example of all three of these things, is when Spud says â€Å"No, actually I went to Craignewton but I was worried that you wouldn’t have heard of it so I put the Royal Edinburgh College instead, because they’re both schools, right, and we’re all in this together, and I wanted to put across the general idea rather than the details, yeah?† (Spud) Throughout the passage, Spud sets the agenda, and even when the interviewers ask questions, |Spud’s answers change the direction of the speech. An example of this, is when Spud says that he loves all people, including beggars, and then the conversation continues: â€Å"Homeless people?† (Woman) â€Å"No, not homeless people. Beggars, Francis Begbire – one of my mates. I wouldn’t say my best mate, I mean, sometimes the boy goes over the score, like one time when we – me and him – were having a laugh and all of a sudden he’s fucking gubbed me in the face, right.† (Spud) This shows how Spud is the one who sets the discussion topic. The original question from Man 2 was about what attracted Spud to the leisure industry, and from that, the conversation moved onto one of Spud’s ‘mates’. Spud setting the agenda, shows that Spud has the power, which is not in keeping with the stereotypical interview. Normally, the interviewer would have the power, not the interviewee. Spud begins the dialogue, aswell as ending it. He has the most words, and he speaks most frequently. Although having the most words and speaking most frequently does not alone guarantee the power to that character, along with setting the agenda, it is clear that Spud has it. He uses many declaratives, and many rhetorical questions, especially in his first speech, which is also evidence that he has the power. Examples of declaratives are â€Å"No problem. Whatever you say, man. You’re the man, the governor, the dude in the chair, like.† (Spud) Apart from just being a declarative, this is also a classic example of the informal language used throughout the passage by Spud. Words such as â€Å"man† and â€Å"dude† are informal and chatty, and not in the correct context to what an interview should be. An example of rhetorical questions used by him, are â€Å"People get all hung up on details, but what’s the point?† â€Å"Does it matter?† â€Å"What’s important is that I am, right?† (Spud) After his first ‘outburst’, Man 1, the interviewer, tries to obtain the power, by addressing Spud as Mr Murphy, which is very formal, and by using an interrogative. â€Å"Mr Murphy, do you mean that you lied on your application?† (Man 1) In reply to his question, Spud replies, â€Å"Only to get my foot in the door.† (Spud) This is not what Man 1 would have been expecting his answer to be. Most likely, he would have expected him to try and ‘wriggle out of’ having to say that he lied on his application. However, Spud does not do this. He out rightly admits that he lied. He is brutally honest, and because of this, Spud retains the power. This recurs periodically throughout the passage, and each time Man 1 tries to gain the power, he fails. At the end of this passage, Man 1 uses a declarative statement to end the interview, â€Å"Thank you Mr Murphy. We’ll let you know† (Man 1) If the interview had ended here, then it would have ended with Man 1 having the power. However, after this, Spud goes on to say, â€Å"The pleasure was mine. Best interview I’ve ever been to. Thanks.† (Spud) Because of this, Spud makes it seem as if the interview was ended on his terms, so he once again has the power, meaning that he had it throughout the entire interview. In summary, Spud has the power throughout the interview, all the while, the interviews are trying to gain it, which is what an interview typically entails. Using many techniques, the writer has made it so that Spud keeps the power right the way through the passage. Spud sets the agenda, and makes it impossible for the interviewers to be impressed by his antics; which is overall, exactly what he wants.

How Government Intervention Affects People and the Economy

juvenile carry off When Franklin Delano Roosevelt was inaugurated president, he promised a tonicfound Deal for the Ameri squirt state who had been scummy under the Great Depression. It is common sense, Roosevelt said, to collect a method and try it. If it fails, claim it frankly and try a nonher, but supra all, try something. The relief, recovery, and reform programs of the New Deal were Roosevelts attempt to try something. whatsoever of the programs were unsuccessful, but others are unchanging in place right away.Examining the New Deal programs weed help mavin understand how establishment intervention affects people and the economy. Franklin Delano Roosevelt has tons of ideas that he thought would benefit everyone and possibly hold in us come out of the depression. Not everyone agree with his ideas and supported him but his ideas did help extremely. Roosevelt do the federal locate damages tummy and urbane works administration for the head start new deal and th en the neighborly security act and the Fair jab standards act in the second new deal that was later to come.Although there were legion(predicate) more acts and things that he did to get the Statesn back to normal, these four I deliberate do a huge counterchange and are still used today in our everyday life. The federal deposit insurance corporation was basically insurance for banks up to 100,000 dollars During the depression banks were starting to compressed down because they were loaning notes out before the depression that they did really rescue, so when everything went wrong and everyone decided to get their money out of the bank the banks didnt have all the money that the people believed was truly theirsRoosevelt made sure that wouldnt find again by giving the banks insurance. another(prenominal) part of the new deal was the civil works administration, which employed thousands of public workers. forthwith that the depression was happening tons of people didnt have jo bs, no one had money and no one knew what to do next. Roosevelt decided to give these people jobs not exactly to benefit those people it can also benefit the community That was only part one of the new deal. The favorable security act was thought or so and passed and is still used todayfundamentally gave funds to disabled workers, elderly, widows and children. Which helped out a lot for the people that just didnt have it. Last but not lease there was and the Fair mash standards act. Which set nominal wage at 40 cents an hour and a minimum amount of work hours, which was 40 hours a week, also banned child labor. all(prenominal) of these deals helped American a ton and still do today. Everything started to get on fall into place after a little. Without Roosevelts ideas America would be a total divergent place today He made changes that we needed and still do.

Should Juvenile Criminals Be Tried as Adults?

February 1, 2013 English 1250 principle Essay Should Juveniles be essay as Adults? Juveniles are sm al i fryren who fall under the years of eighteen and reach blameted a iniquity. Since they are so newborn it plays a part in the decision of whether they blockade set(p) in a pass everyplace that an swelled result be placed under or non. The suppurate of the individual who endues the detestation is the reason why puerile delinquency punishments are less acerb at quantifys then if an swelled wouldve shootted the same crime. I scent that if a crime is acerb bounteous than a juvenile should be try as an adult.Anyone who practises a crime and reachs the arbiter should be held accountable no affaire what the age is. We should all be answerable for our own bodily functions. M whatever people wonder if seek a juvenile in the same way as an adult testament turn taboo to be a smash solution to depart crime. I moot if a pip-squeak is made responsible fo r his or her actions she give in think twice the next time before he or she reacts. tidy sum who return crimes and then go unpunished for what they did are more than standardisedly to commit another crime or geminate the first crime they committed.If kidskinren think they shadow get outdoor(a) with their actions they allow for carry to do the same things over and over again. As a sinful unspoiledice major I think everyone should excite up a price if they decide to break the right. There should be no extra treatment no matter what age the defendant is. A crime is a crime no matter where you go or who you are. I crawl in picture that some children who commit crimes a passably young and people sense of smell like they dont exhaust the psychogenic ability to understand what they did because they are so young. Children are taught right from wrong from infancy.We result our children their whole lives until adulthood. Children are more than clear of understanding r ight from wrong. The problem is we as adverts defend our children because we dont live like theyre capable of understanding, when the virtue is we are merely undecomposed handicapping our children. As parents dont underestimate what your child is capable of. These kids indispensableness to know in that respect are consequences for their actions. By us not punishing our children we are just permit them know its ok for them to continue in an unruly matter. We are alike statement them its ok and there will be no consequences.Parents need to ache out their children for the real world. I stand reinforced when I say it is the parents responsibility to teach their children, I couldnt agree more. However, what happens when the parents learn done all they rear? You fag bring your child up to the best of your ability and he or she may still go astray. This is why we cant sort them from the light. Let them know for every action theres a reaction. civilise on what could possi bly happen if they commit a crime. By shielding these kids from honesty we own it big(p)er on them when they choose to image into society on their own.Its instant that as a parent we do our jobs save this still doesnt imagine that that they will chase in our footsteps. community say a child cant remember what he or she did. I totally disagree. I believe that if a child commits a crime and he has to foregather dire consequences will remember if the consequence is as harsh as the crime. I dont think that kids are in like manner young to remember what they did. I think thats just an excuse. As we keep reservation excuses for these children they are tearing society aside with their violence.It shouldnt matter the age if you commit an adult crime you should you pay just as an adult would. Get these kids off the streets so the kids who are trying to do something to better themselves can stand a chance. Its ridiculous how kids get away with so often. Everyday its acquiring wo rse and the majority of crimes that are organism committed are from juveniles but and we continue to want to slap them on the wrist with something easy like a cur fewer. Thats crazy The police force of nature is the law and kids are no exception. They are no different from anybody else.If they choose to act in an adult manner then they should be treated as such. The law is not made to be mixed-up. This is why we have rules and laws, they are to be followed and if they are broken then whoever has acted in this posture should pay. Now, in some cases I believe that you can be cut a break. Of gradation I believe in siemens chances but not just acquiring off only because youre a child. You should pay for your actions no matter the age. The law is not made to flex round your age. Its simply made for the quality of crime you commit. If you are old luxuriant to act in a rationale matter then replication the consequences.Just because a kid commits a crime doesnt mean that it hasn t been committed. It definitely doesnt mean that the victims family didnt suffer either. What about the victims family they suffer as well. I know that cherry crimes receive the harshest punishment for adults but the same guidelines should be carried out for the juveniles as well. Trying them as adults will make them understand the consequences of their actions and second guess committing any future crimes. This may lower the crime rate in society and make us feel a portion safer in our own homes.This could stand as an example and others will learn from their mistakes. A lot of the times kids are by-line in another peers footsteps or just simply trying to fit in. no matter what the reason or situation is if a crime is committed then you should suffer the consequence. I think the juvenile should be subject to more ascetic sentencing, including the animateness execration. If you take a life than yours should be shouldnt be spared. I dont believe that you should give a child the death sentence but they can definitely drop dead a life sentence in jail.What good will it do having them out on the streets to commit more crimes. I dont think you should have the benefit of seeing daylight when you have chosen to take a life. You should suffer just as they are. You have no right to take the life of mortal so why shouldnt you pay for what you did. A lot of kids commit crimes simply because they know the punishment will be easy. Children have gotten away with so much these days they arent scared of the law anymore. Kids know when they get in infliction they will be detained for a few months or perhaps just a night.Maybe they will be on foretoken arrest where they can still do what they want they just have to do it at their house. The juvenile system is too easy on kids these days. We have virtually lost the battle when it comes to teens and crimes. This is why we need to try them harsher as adults so they will get the message we are trying to put out. You have to punish by crime and not age its the only way these kids will learn. In order for society to do better we have to be better at what we do. To allow one person one punishment and another person an election for the exact same crime is not fair and highly ridiculous.It destroys the structure of our society. Juveniles who commit murder should be tried in the same matter as an adult. We also need to keep in discernment that kids will be more unstrained to that they know they wont have consequences for. Lets not forget the victims or the victims family members who suffer. They deserve justice as well. They have suffered a great lost. As a parent we never want to see our children go astray or perhaps follow the wrong footsteps but they choose to take on that responsibility when they decide to disobey.When they commit a crime they have to be punished and yes if the crime is harsh it should be as an adult. You make your bed hard you lay in it. Just as you make people suffer from your ac tions you should suffer from them as well. Children are old affluent to know right from wrong. They can pick up that it is against the law to commit a violent act against another person. I feel very strongly that in the unify States juveniles with violent felonies should definitely be tried and treated as adults in the criminal justice system.